RESUMO
Clinical and preclinical research that contributes pain palliation has suggested that drugs favor the expected effects and minimize the adverse effects. Among the most widely used strategies is the combination of analgesic drugs among those in the same group, with those in another group of analgesics or with co-adjuvants (nonanalgesic drugs or elements of traditional medicine). This work aims to evaluate the interaction between eugenol (EUG) and diclofenac (DFC) on nociception in the presence of a noxious stimulus through the formalin test and isobolographic analysis. The results indicate that EUG, DFC, or the combination of both produce an antinociceptive effect in rodents (p ≤ 0.05). Local co-administration of EUG and DFC gave a theoretical effective dose (Zadd ) 2,936.27 ± 155.33 µg/kg (p ≤ 0.05) significantly higher as compared to the effective experimental doses (Zmix ) of 866.89 ± 0.02 µg/kg in phase 1 and 292.88 ± 0.05 µg/kg in phase 2, with an interaction index of 0.29 and 0.09, respectively. These data allow concluding that the interaction derived from the joint administration of EUG and DFC, in the rodent at a local level, is synergistic.
RESUMO
INTRODUCTION: The thiazolidinediones (pioglitazone) increases the action of insulin and produces the glycemic control in the patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Also, the pharmacological effect may be affected by the purity and pioglitazone plasma concentration. Therefore, the instrumental techniques offer a tool for characterization, identification and/or quantification of the pioglitazone; Raman spectroscopy offers several advantages due to its easy application methodology and structural analysis and the HPLC technique is the gold standard vs. other qualitative and quantitative techniques. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this work is to develop and validate analytical techniques for the characterization of pioglitazone hydrochloride by Raman spectroscopy and quantitative analysis in human plasma by HPLC. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The pioglitazone hydrochloride was analyzed by Raman spectroscopy with a 678 mW power and 3 integration time seconds. The analytical method for quantification by HPLC was validated with the guidelines of the NOM-177SSAl-1998. RESULTS: The Raman technique allowed us to elucidate the functional groups of the pioglitazone hydrochloride and the HPLC technique was linear, accurate, precise, specific and sensitive in the range of 30 to 2000 ng/mL under the chromatographic conditions specified. CONCLUSIONS: The structure analysis by Raman spectroscopy allowed us a complete characterization of the functional groups of pioglitazone hydrochloride effectively and non-destructively. Likewise, the analytical technique for the pioglitazone hydrochloride quantification by HPLC was linear, accurate, precise and sensitive in the range of 30 to 2000 ng/mL under the guidelines.
